Environmental Determinism Definition

Throughout the study of geography, there have been some different approaches to explaining the development of the worlds societies and cultures. One that received much prominence in geographic history but has declined in recent decades of academic study is environmental determinism. Environmental Determinism Environmental determinism is the belief that the environment, most notably its physical factors such as landforms and climate, determines the patterns of human culture and societal development. Environmental determinists believe that ecological, climatic, and geographical factors alone are responsible for human cultures and individual decisions. Also, social conditions have virtually no impact on cultural development. The main argument of environmental determinism states that an areas physical characteristics like climate have a substantial impact on the psychological outlook of its inhabitants. These different outlooks then spread throughout a population and help define the overall behavior and culture of a society. For instance, it was said that areas in the tropics were less developed than higher latitudes because the continuously warm weather there made it easier to survive and thus, people living there did not work as hard to ensure their survival. Another example of environmental determinism would be the theory that island nations have unique cultural traits solely because of their isolation from continental societies. Environmental Determinism and Early Geography Although environmental determinism is a relatively recent approach to formal geographic study, its origins go back to ancient times. Climatic factors, for example, were used by Strabo, Plato, and Aristotle to explain why the Greeks were so much more developed in the early ages than societies in hotter and colder climates. Additionally, Aristotle came up with his climate classification system to explain why people were limited to settlement in certain areas of the globe.​​ Other early scholars also used environmental determinism to explain not only the culture of a society but the reasons behind the physical characteristics of a societys people. Al-Jahiz, a writer from East Africa, for instance, cited environmental factors as the origin of different skin colors. He believed that the darker skin of many Africans and various birds, mammals, and insects was a direct result of the prevalence of black basalt rocks on the Arabian Peninsula. Ibn Khaldun, an Arab sociologist, and scholar was officially known as one of the first environmental determinists. He lived from 1332 to 1406, during which time he wrote a complete world history and explained that the hot climate of Sub-Saharan Africa caused dark human skin.​ Environmental Determinism and Modern Geography Environmental determinism rose to its most prominent stage in modern geography beginning in the late 19th Century when it was revived by the German geographer Friedrich RÃ ¤tzel and became the central theory in the discipline. RÃ ¤tzels theory came about following Charles Darwins Origin of Species in 1859 and was heavily influenced by evolutionary biology and the impact a person’s environment has on their cultural evolution. Environmental determinism then became popular in the United States in the early 20th Century when RÃ ¤tzel’s student, Ellen Churchill Semple, a professor at Clark University in Worchester, Massachusetts, introduced the theory there. Like RÃ ¤tzel’s initial ideas, Semple’s were also influenced by evolutionary biology. Another one of RÃ ¤tzel’s students, Ellsworth Huntington, also worked on expanding the theory around the same time as Semple. Huntingtons work though, led to a subset of environmental determinism, called climatic determinism in the early 1900s. His theory stated that the economic development in a country could be predicted based on its distance from the equator. He said temperate climates with short growing seasons stimulate achievement, economic growth, and efficiency. The ease of growing things in the tropics, on the other hand, hindered their advancement. The Decline of Environmental Determinism Despite its success in the early 1900s, environmental determinism’s popularity began to decline in the 1920s as its claims were often found to be wrong. Also, critics claimed it was racist and perpetuated imperialism. Carl Sauer, for instance, began his critiques in 1924 and said that environmental determinism led to premature generalizations about an area’s culture and did not allow for results based on direct observation or other research. As a result of his and others criticisms, geographers developed the theory of environmental possibilism to explain cultural development. Environmental possibilism was set forth by the French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blanche and stated that the environment sets limitations for cultural development, but it does not wholly define culture. Culture is instead defined by the opportunities and decisions that humans make in response to dealing with such limitations. By the 1950s, environmental determinism was almost entirely replaced in geography by environmental possibilism, effectively ending its prominence as the central theory in the discipline. Regardless of its decline, however, environmental determinism was an important component of geographic history as it initially represented an attempt by early geographers to explain the patterns they saw developing across the globe.

The Effects Of Parental Bipolar Disorder On The...

The Effects of Parental Bipolar Disorder on the Development of Children According to a study conducted by Diler et al. (2011), the children of parents with bipolar disorder are the most at risk for developing bipolar disorder and other psychiatric mood disorders. Parents and caregivers with bipolar disorder represent a unique factor that may alter healthy emotional and behavioral development of children. As bipolar disorder is a neurological disorder that causes drastic shifts in mood, abrupt changes in energy that directly affects the ability to consistently execute day to day tasks (Chung et al., 2007), children raised in this highly unstable environment are especially at risk for cognitive and behavioral issues. This research will examine studies in which parental bipolar disorder is examined and the effects of parental mental illness on family dynamics and its impact on developing children. Additionally, the research will examine how early detection and monitoring can mitigate t he risks for bipolar disorder in children and how treatment can prevent the onset of adult bipolar disorder. Characteristics and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision, American Psychiatric Association, 2000), characterizes bipolar disorder as a cyclical illness in which patients â€Å"swing† between opposite poles of behavior from manic hyperactivity to extreme states of depression. The types of mania associated withShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Silver Linings Playbook 1614 Words   |  7 Pagesmedication because he does not like the side effects, including a â€Å"foggy† mind. It is during this session that Pat discusses his father also has issues with rage, describing an incident in which his father got kicked out of a football stadium for beating up Eagles fans; Pat refers to his father as the â€Å"explosion guy†. 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Climate Essay Research Paper ClimateClimate has profound free essay sample

Climate Essay, Research Paper Climate Climate has profound effects on us, and the universe in which we live. In bend we as worlds, and many other planetary factors contribute to our clime. Almost everything in our lives somehow impacts or is impacted by clime. We as worlds can impact everything, from the nutrient we eat to the air we breathe, including clime. This is through the change of the Earth? s surface and the debut of pollutants and chemicals such as C dioxide into the ambiance. The simple but harmful act of clear-cutting can besides hold a elusive but of import function in clime. Corner? s and life workss absorb the C dioxide and gases found in our ambiance, which cut down the sum of solar radiation making Earth. This consequence is most apparent in big metropoliss where pollution is prevailing, or the rain forests where clear film editing is rampant. Our atmosphere is like a nursery. The oceans and land multitudes absorb heat from the Sun and emit it easy, maintaining our clime comparatively warm. The farther ( or higher ) we move off from the Earth, the ice chest it gets. Since we are truly traveling off from the beginning of the heat, the Earth. The ambiance? s ability to retain heat is known as the nursery consequence. Without this simple factor in clime we would be populating with -18? C clime. Therefore, extinguishing many species who would be unable to last in that cold a temperature. Cities such as La Paz, Bolivia stay cold all twelvemonth long due to their high heights, excepting the fact that they are comparatively close to the equator. The ambiance besides moderates the difference in temperature between twenty-four hours and dark, so we don? t get extremes of hot and cold. This is peculiarly critical to the Arctic and Antarctic circles, which experience really long yearss in summer and every bit long darks in winter. The distance North or South from the equator, or latitude, drastically affects us and our clime. Regions further north or South of the equator receive less direct sunshine than parts nearer the equator. At more distant locations, the Sun? s rays hit the Earth at an angle, doing the beams to be dispersed. Latitude besides affects the place of the Sun in the sky. The sum of sunshine that reaches the Earth? s surface besides depends on the Earth? s joust. Seasonal conditions alterations, and alterations in twenty-four hours length are straight related to the Earth? s joust every bit good. Portoviejo, Ecuador, 1? South of the equator receives really direct sunshine doing it to hold a warmer clime than topographic points such as Kaujuitoq, Canada 75? North of the equator. Oceans are extremely efficient storers of heat. They transport warm or cool H2O around the Earth and have a great influence on the clime of land multitudes. These currents are chiefly caused by predominating air currents. The air currents from the hard-hitting systems in the mid-latitudes drive the ocean currents that circulate in a counterclockwise way in the Southern Hemisphere and clockwise in the North. The warming effects of the Gulf Stream greatly moderate the clime of western Europe, whic H would otherwise be much more terrible. Two quickly traveling tube-like watercourses of air in each hemisphere, known as jet watercourses, work their ways through the upper parts of the troposphere. They are like ocean currents, except in our upper ambiance. Jet watercourses are caused by strong temperature and force per unit area alterations in this portion of the ambiance. The polar jet watercourse enables the warm tropic air to remain in the tropic country? s and the cold north-polar country to remain in north-polar country? s. When the Sun radiates it? s energy onto the Earth, the land is warmed faster than the H2O. When these currents displacement they move the cool H2O air onto the land, maintaining the yearss ice chest. At dark, when the Sun has set, the H2O holds the Sun? s heat longer than the land, switching warm air currents onto the land, maintaining the darks heater. These air currents are called prevalent air currents and are of import to equilibrate the twenty-four hours and dark temperatures of coastal countries. Oceans and lakes besides balance the seasonal temperatures of an country. They allow marine countries to remain ice chest in the summer and milder in the winter. Most coastal countries show these marks including Vancouver Island, Canada and Cape Cod, Massachusetts. An air mass is a organic structure of air in which temperature and humidness remain changeless. They can run in size from a few stat mis across to 1000s of square stat mis in country. The general circulation of the ambiance moves air multitudes around. A cold forepart occurs when a mass of cold air thrusts into a warm air mass. The warm air rises and signifiers cumuliform clouds doing a sudden alteration in local conditions. Warm foreparts signifier when warm air drives over the top of a mass of cold air, ensuing in stratiform clouds, and minor conditions alterations. These air multitudes are common in mid-high latitudes and are about lasting in countries near the equator. When air travels over a land mass, several procedures can happen. If the air was heated by contact with heater land, convection might get down, this could bring forth clouds and rain. The air may lose wet if mixes with air that has a lower comparative humidness. Or Orographic Precipitation may happen. This is when rain is forced down on the windward side of mountains. The lifting air cools, and when the vapor condenses clouds signifier. Following, rain falls before it makes it over the mountains. Once on the leeward side of the mountains the falling air, which is now warming, picks up wet. This is besides known as a Rain-Shadow consequence. The Coast Range in between us and Vancouver acts as the mountains explained supra. This explains Vancouver? s big sum of rainfall and Oliver? s deficiency of it. From people populating in the Equatorial Rain forests, to the Inuit of the far north we are all affected by clime. Even though we can non command it we do impact it. Simply through our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lifestyles we, ourselves add to the altering clime. The fumes from our vehicles to the fume from our fire topographic points, decimation of the universes woods to the usage of our hair sprays, all contribute. Although, the Earth and it? s atmosphere still have the upper force in commanding our clime.

L feedback free essay sample

You need a riet overview tor each poem you use that addresses the question and You will find it difficult to discuss structure unless you use longer quotes. Quote and discuss techniques. Embed short quotes, indent longer ones. Floating quotes show you can select appropriate support but you cant get any marks for A02, unless you discuss effect/ connotations etc. Make sure your quotes are relevant and support your points. To show a grasp of implied meaning you have to show you understand what the words/ techniques suggest/ what impression they give. Make sure you write about structural choices. You need to show you can comment on how the author has arranged their work. Points on structure could include: Poetry How does the poem begin and end? What happens in the middle? What happens in each stanza/ section? Does the poet use enjambement? Why? Does the poet use end-stopped lines? Why? Comment on punctuation effects to slow the pace, emphasise words, show uncertainty/ emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on L feedback or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Is there a rhyme scheme? Is it regular? Are there full/ half rhymes? Can you comment on interesting metrical effects? Novel How does the story begin and end? What happens in the middle? What are the turning points? Titles of Books Whats Just happened/ about to happen? How does an event relate to the rest of the plot? Flashback sequences and the now of the novel. Foreshadowing Play What happens in the beginning, middle, end? Time frame? Imaginary sequences? Turning points? Act 1, Act 2, Requiem significance? Form the authors have made conscious choices about which form of literature to use to promote their message. Harrisons choice of 16 line sonnets and quatrains (v) are interesting, as are Waughs use of novel form and flashback, and Millers combination of realist and expressionist techniques. You could acknowledge / comment on these choices in your intro, and maybe evaluate/ comment on their effectiveness in your conclusion? Flag up connections by using signpost phrases such as similarly, whereas, also , in contrast etc. (For example, all the writers use symbolism to explore aspects of their societies, Harrison and Waugh both use symbolic settings whereas Miller gives his protagonist a symbolic Job. tc) You will achieve higher bands if you can specifically compare the texts, how they use a particular technique eg imagery, metaphor can be useful, their approach to themes, use of characters, different contexts and priorities. Include some comparison/ contrast at the end of each topic section.